What is urbanization?

Satunnainen

Urbanization is a process in which an increasing proportion of the population moves from rural areas to cities, and urban areas expand both in terms of population and infrastructure. This phenomenon has been going on for centuries, but it has accelerated significantly with industrialization and globalization. Urbanization involves many social, economic and environmental changes that affect both individuals and societies more broadly.

Causes of urbanization

There are several factors behind urbanization that attract people to move to cities. These factors include:

  • Job opportunities: There are usually more and more diverse jobs in cities than in the countryside. Industry, services and technology sectors are often concentrated in urban areas, which attracts the working-age population.
  • Education and health care: Cities have better educational opportunities and health care services, which makes them especially attractive for young people and families.
  • Quality of life: Cities’ diverse cultural offering, entertainment and social networks can improve the quality of life and offer more leisure opportunities.

Effects of urbanization

Urbanization has many effects, which can be both positive and negative. These effects include, among others:

  1. Economic growth: Economic activity in cities can lead to economic growth and innovation. Cities are often centers of economy and technology.
  2. Environmental challenges: Urbanization can cause environmental problems, such as air and water pollution, traffic congestion and the reduction of green areas.
  3. Social inequality: Cities can have large income differences and social inequality, which can lead to social tensions and increased segregation.
  4. Housing shortage: Rapidly growing cities can face a housing shortage and high housing costs, which makes life especially difficult for low-income residents.

The future of urbanisation

Urbanization is expected to continue in the future, especially in developing countries where urbanization has only just begun. This poses challenges for urban planning and sustainable development. It is important to find a balance between economic growth, environmental protection and social justice.

You can read more information about urbanization from, for example, the following sources:
United Nations report on urbanization and
World Bank Urban Development Overview.

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